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The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government Kindle Edition
The First Congress may have been the most important in American history because it established how our government would work. The Constitution was a broad set of principles that left undefined the machinery of government. Fortunately, far-sighted, brilliant, and determined men such as Washington, Madison, Adams, Hamilton, and Jefferson (and others less well known today) labored to create a functioning government.
In The First Congress, award-winning author Fergus Bordewich brings to life the achievements of the First Congress: it debated and passed the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which we know as the Bill of Rights; admitted North Carolina and Rhode Island to the union when they belatedly ratified the Constitution, then admitted two new states, Kentucky and Vermont, establishing the procedure for admitting new states on equal terms with the original thirteen; chose the site of the national capital, a new city to be built on the Potomac; created a national bank to handle the infant republic’s finances; created the first cabinet positions and the federal court system; and many other achievements. But it avoided the subject of slavery, which was too contentious to resolve.
The First Congress takes us back to the days when the future of our country was by no means assured and makes “an intricate story clear and fascinating” (The Washington Post).
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"The First Congress faced its daunting agenda with resourcefulness. . . . [Bordewich] provides clear and often compelling analyses of the problems that required varying doses of compromise and persuasion. . . . Readers will enjoy this book for making an intricate story clear and fascinating." (David S. Heidler The Washington Post)
“Fergus Bordewich paints a compelling portrait of the first, critical steps of the American republic, a perilous time when Congress – a body that has proved naturally contentious and short-sighted – had to be wise, and it was. The First Congress deftly blends many voices and stories into an elegant and gripping tale of a triumph of self-government.” (David O. Stewart, author of Madison's Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America and The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution )
“Bordewich’s account is well worth reading and brings to life the First Congress and its members. Gracefully written. . . . Bordewich provides a balanced assessment of the many achievements of the First Congress, while not overlooking its shortcomings.” (Mark G. Spencer The Wall Street Journal)
“The story of how these flawed but brilliant men managed to put the theory of the Constitution into actual practice and create a functioning government is the subject of Fergus M. Bordewich's fascinating The First Congress." (Tom Moran The Chicago Tribune)
"With his highly informative The First Congress, historian Fergus M. Bordewich joins the ranks of familiar authors like Joseph Ellis, David McCullough, Fred Kaplan and others, whose biographies and studies of early American history have captivated so many. . . . Bordewich combines fascinating biography with a detailed account of the three sessions of Congress that ran from 1789-1791 and established the institutions and protocols that we follow today." (Tony Lewis The Providence Journal)
“Entertaining. . . . The colorful machinations of our first Congress receive a delightful account that will keep even educated readers turning the pages.” (Kirkus Reviews (starred review))
“Bordewich brings back to life the ‘practical, impatient, and tired politicians’ who transformed the parchment of the US Constitution into the flesh and blood of a national government. . . . Anyone curious about the origins of today’s much-maligned national legislature will marvel at this hair-raising story of stunning political creativity.” (Richard A. Baker, US Senate Historian Emeritus and co-author of The American Senate: An Insider’s History )
“Fergus Bordewich reminds us, with solid research and sprightly prose, that once upon a time Congress worked and leaders of the new nation understood that true patriotism requires that legislators actually get things done and keep the Government open for business. This book should be required reading for every member of Congress.” (Paul Finkelman , Senior Fellow, University of Pennsylvania Program on Democracy, Citizenship, and Constitutionalism )
“[A] highly readable and sweeping account of the First Federal Congress.” (Kenneth R. Bowling, co-editor, First Federal Congress Project; Adjunct Professor of History, George Washington University; and author of Peter Charles L'Enfant )
“Bordewich expertly conveys the excitement of how the first U.S. Congress(1789–91) created a government. . . . This engaging and accessible book sheds new light on themeaning of constitutionality.” (Library Journal)
“Finally, a popular and finely paced account of the Congress that could have easily unmade the new American republic.” (Allen Guelzo The Washington Monthly)
"Bordewich’s telling of the debates around what we think of as the Bill of Rights is especially illuminating. . . . Bordewich brings these debates to life with fascinating and sympathetic portraits." (Philip A. Wallach, The Brookings Institution )
About the Author
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Product details
- ASIN : B00P434ET6
- Publisher : Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (February 9, 2016)
- Publication date : February 9, 2016
- Language : English
- File size : 26.1 MB
- Text-to-Speech : Enabled
- Screen Reader : Supported
- Enhanced typesetting : Enabled
- X-Ray : Enabled
- Word Wise : Enabled
- Print length : 613 pages
- Best Sellers Rank: #704,751 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)
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About the authors
FERGUS M. BORDEWICH is the author of seven non-fiction books: The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (Simon & Schuster, 2016); America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise that Preserved the Union (Simon & Schuster, 2012); Washington: The Making of the American Capital (Amistad/HarperCollins, 2008); Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America (Amistad/HarperCollins, 2005); My Mother's Ghost, a memoir (Doubleday, 2001); Killing the White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century (Doubleday, 1996); and Cathay: A Journey in Search of Old China (Prentice Hall Press, 1991).
In his newest book, The First Congress, Bordewich tells the story of the most momentous -- and most productive -- Congress in American history. When the members of the First Congress met in New York, in 1789, the new nation was still fragile, riven by sectional differences, hobbled by competing currencies, crushed by debt, and stitched together only tentatively by the Constitution. The Constitution provided a set of principles but offered few instructions about how the system should operate, leaving it to Congress and the president to create the machinery of government. A James Madison put it, "We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us." Had Congress failed in its work, the United States as we know it might not exist.
His previous book, America's Great Debate, tells an epic story of the nation's westward expansion, slavery and the Compromise of 1850, centering on the dramatic congressional debate of 1849-1850 - the longest in American history - when a gallery of extraordinary men including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Stephen A. Douglas, Jefferson Davis, William H. Seward, and others, fought to shape, and in the case of some to undermine, the future course of the Union.
He has also published an illustrated children's book, Peach Blossom Spring (Simon & Schuster, 1994), and wrote the script for a PBS documentary about Thomas Jefferson, Mr. Jefferson's University. He also edited an illustrated book of eyewitness accounts of the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre, Children of the Dragon (Macmillan, 1990). He is a frequent book reviewer for the Wall Street Journal, and other publications. He lives in San Francisco, California with his wife Jean.
In 2013, Bordewich was awarded the Los Angeles Book Prize for America's Great Debate, which the Times named the best work of history published in 2012. Bound for Canaan was selected as one of the American Booksellers Association's "ten best nonfiction books" in 2005; as the Great Lakes Booksellers' Association's "best non-fiction book" of 2005; as one of the Austin Public Library's Best Non-Fiction books of 2005; and as one of the New York Public Library's "ten books to remember" in 2005. Washington was named by Jonathan Yardley of the Washington Post as one of his "Best Books of 2008."
Bordewich was born in New York City in 1947, and grew up in Yonkers, New York. While growing up, he often traveled to Indian reservations around the United States with his mother, LaVerne Madigan Bordewich, the executive director of the Association on American Indian Affairs, then the only independent advocacy organization for Native Americans. This early experience helped to shape his lifelong preoccupation with American history, the settlement of the continent, and issues of race, and political power. He holds degrees from the City College of New York and Columbia University.
He has been an independent writer and historian since the early 1970s. His articles have appeared in many magazines and newspapers, including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Smithsonian, American Heritage, Atlantic, Harper's, New York Magazine, GEO, Reader's Digest. As a journalist, he traveled extensively in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa, writing on politics, economic issues, culture, and history, on subjects ranging from the civil war in Burma, religious repression in China, Islamic fundamentalism, German reunification, the Irish economy, Kenya's population crisis, among many others. He also served for brief periods as an editor and writer for the Tehran Journal in Iran, in 1972-1973, a press officer for the United Nations, in 1980-1982, and an advisor to the New China News Agency in Beijing, in 1982-1983, when that agency was embarking on its effort to switch from a propaganda model to a western-style journalistic one.
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Customers find this historical book well-researched and informative, providing detailed coverage of the First Congress. The writing style is clear and engaging, with one customer noting it reads like a fascinating novel. Customers appreciate the character development, with one review highlighting how the characters come alive in the narrative. The book receives positive feedback for its presentation, with one customer describing it as colorful.
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Customers find the book insightful and educational, praising its well-researched content and informative narrative.
"...of Alexander Hamilton, who brought both a unique and profound understanding of fiscal matters that would prove absent for much of the succeeding..." Read more
"...That said, I enjoyed Bordewich’s polished and informative narrative and recommend his book highly. Five stars." Read more
"...Fergus M. Bordewich provides a useful and fascinating glimpse of how Congress actually operated in its first session...." Read more
"...Relying on diary excerpts (to a great extent in the telling of the Senate story as that was not an open body in its early years) as well as public..." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's historical content, describing it as a fascinating story of the First Congress with lots of detail and deep research.
"This is an excellent overview of the activities of the first congress, the precedents established, and the personalities involved in the early days..." Read more
"...The story is made rich by its focus on the players, many of whom only get passing mention in other books about this period...." Read more
"...Bordewich is that too-rare combination of solid historian and good story teller...." Read more
"An excellent work of history: well-crafted and organized, clearly and elegantly written, informative and absorbing...." Read more
Customers appreciate the writing style of the book, finding it well executed and clearly presented, with one customer noting it reads like a fascinating novel.
"...He is also the author of an extremely well-written book on the 1850 congress. This book is a welcome addition to a distinguished body of work." Read more
"...and enjoyed the well executed telling of more famous events like the assumption deal that fixed the..." Read more
"...His insights --- shared with his reader in a most understanding and clear way --- left me feeling as though I really knew quite a bit about the..." Read more
"An excellent work of history: well-crafted and organized, clearly and elegantly written, informative and absorbing...." Read more
Customers appreciate the book's focus on the genesis of the United States government, with one customer noting how the founders built a country from scratch, while another highlights the successful launch of the government and its antecedents to today's system.
"...The result of their spirit of compromise was the successful launching of a government that continues to this day...." Read more
"...who is interested in America's founding and the antecedents to our present system of government." Read more
"...read to help all of us understand that there were real people building a country from scratch...." Read more
"Fine history of the work and accomplishments of the first Congress under the present Constitution...." Read more
Customers appreciate the character development in the book, with one review noting how the characters of the First Congress come alive, while another mentions how it tells a compelling story of individuals.
"...In other words, real people...." Read more
"...The writing is clear and concise, and tells a compelling story of individuals, bringing out their personal quirks and prejudices, and does a good..." Read more
"Characters of the First Congress come alive. There were even some "slackers" amongst them." Read more
"...William MacClay sounds like a truly interesting character and it is surprising, considering that he was a literate, opinionated observer and used..." Read more
Customers appreciate the presentation of the book, with one noting its colorful approach.
"...They are often quite colorful—cerebral Oliver Ellsworth, Roger Sherman, fiery James Jackson, Robert Morris, Elbridge Gerry, Fisher Ames, Elias..." Read more
"...experience to the reader is astounding; and the manner of its presentation is wonderful...." Read more
"A unique look at the ongoing hard work of actually creating a government after the ratification of the constitution..." Read more
"Very educational; clear and plain...." Read more
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- Reviewed in the United States on June 21, 2020This is an excellent overview of the activities of the first congress, the precedents established, and the personalities involved in the early days of the American Republic.
Few sessions of the US Congress have been as consequential. The Bill of Rights, the Federal Judiciary, the first Bank of the United States, and the permanent location of the US capital were all established during this period. What is at times amusing, is the lack of a sense of the consequences of their actions by the persons enacting this legislation. The Bill of Rights is seen almost as American scripture. However Madison, its prime mover viewed it as little more than a prudent political approach to defuse concerns raised by the anti federalists who opposed the creation of a federal government. Doubtless he would be surprised not only at the impact, but also that the then inconsequential Supreme Court would hand down numerous decisions based on what were for the most part uncontroversial pieces of legislation that congress regarded as obvious points of order. This was the age of reason and the franchise was restricted to prevent populism. Succeeding generations would not be so lucky. Members expressed annoyance at having to pass amendments that promised not to quarter troops or inflict excessive penalties, which they regarded as obvious points no reasonable government would engage in. If only.
The debates did elicit some interesting statements. One lawmaker felt the first amendment did not prevent the states (as opposed to the federal government) from collecting 10% of the tax to support established state churches and probably would not have supported the bill. The second amendment was established to avoid the creation of large standing armies, which might be used to suppress the people when they disagreed with federal policies.
Executive branch processes were also established. Washington was not quite sure what was meant by the advice and consent of the Senate for appointments. So he went over to the Senate and requested their consent for an appointment. The Senate was not sure what it was supposed to do at this point and it requested time to deliberate. Washington left and vowed never to do anything like that again, This precedent of submitting a list of names for appointments continues to the present day.
Washington relied initially on the advice and support of his fellow Virginian Madison during the first session of Congress, but the second session of the first congress marked the ascendency of Alexander Hamilton, who brought both a unique and profound understanding of fiscal matters that would prove absent for much of the succeeding governments of the 19th Century. Hamilton’s measures and administration stabilized the fiscal policies of the new federal government. However his proposal for a central banking system would be the first wedge that would create the Federalist and Democratic Republican Parties.
The author, Fergus Bordewich is generally insightful throughout the book except on one point, he frequently complains that John Adams had the opportunity during this period to turn the office of Vice President into a consequential office. Given the powers allocated and the uncertainty as to where this office lay in the general scheme of things this seems doubtful. Some did not view the Vice President as part of the executive branch as he presided over the Senate. I do not see how anyone could have made the Vice Presidency into a consequential position and would differ with Bordewich’s contention that it could be.
This book is not the author’s first book on congress. He is also the author of an extremely well-written book on the 1850 congress. This book is a welcome addition to a distinguished body of work.
- Reviewed in the United States on February 14, 2016The First Congress of the United States (1789-91) was arguably the most productive of all subsequent Congresses. Like the infant presidency of George Washington, the federal legislators were starting from scratch, creating a new government as they went along. Among their achievements: passage of a federal taxation bill (something the previous Confederation government had failed to do and would lead to its downfall); creation of the federal judiciary system including the Supreme Court; creation of the executive departments of state, treasury, and war; the writing and passage of the Bill of Rights; passage of the Funding and Assumption Bills that made provision for paying the crushing war debt and restored the nation’s foundering credit; creation of the Bank of the United States, lender of last resort and forerunner of today’s Federal Reserve bank; and finding a permanent home for the federal government. It’s a startling list of achievements considering opposition inside and outside of Congress, and it did not come without a struggle and compromise. Debates were rancorous, secession was threatened on more than one occasion, the germs of the two-party system were planted, and hanging over all like some deathly pall was slavery, which was debated briefly and shelved for another time.
Fergus M. Bordewich covers it all with insight and the slightest bit of cynicism. The story is made rich by its focus on the players, many of whom only get passing mention in other books about this period. They are often quite colorful—cerebral Oliver Ellsworth, Roger Sherman, fiery James Jackson, Robert Morris, Elbridge Gerry, Fisher Ames, Elias Boudinot, Aedanus Burke, and dour William Maclay, who kept a journal. The stars of the story are, of course, George Washington, whose very presence made the startup government possible; James Madison, who wrote much of the legislation and guided it through Congress; Alexander Hamilton who, as Secretary of Treasure, wrote the funding and assumption bills that made provision for the debt. He also wrote the bank bill and the legal opinion that trumped Madison’s and Jefferson’s opposing legal opinions and swayed Washington to sign the bill into law.
The operative word for the success of the First Congress is compromise. Without a willingness to compromise, very little would have been accomplished. The great motivator behind a willingness to compromise—and given only passing mention by the author—was fear, fear that the anti-Federalists would hold a second Constitutional convention to dispense with the new Constitution and restore something akin to the Articles of Confederation and this return all power back to the states, and the fear of secession, not just of the slave-holding South, but of New England too. Tensions were rife during the first six months of the new government, and only eased up when George Washington signed the Bill of Rights act, which then went to the states for approval. Thomas Jefferson’s role during this time was slight, except for hosting the dinner for Hamilton and Madison that led to comprise: Madison backing away from blockage of the assumption bill, and Hamilton convincing congressmen from the Northeast to back down and let the residence bill pass, which moved the capital to Philadelphia for a ten-year period, and then to its permanent home on the slopes of the Potomac. Bottom line: there was nothing inevitable about the survival and success of the new government. It was never a foregone conclusion. It came about by men hailing from all parts of the country, each with his own agenda, willing to overlook their pride and prejudices and create a workable government. The result of their spirit of compromise was the successful launching of a government that continues to this day.
Writing a detailed account of such an active and crucial period in our nation’s history is a monumental task, and I salute the author for having done it. However, it’s not the last word on this subject. I also very much appreciate “The Presidency of George Washington” by historian Forrest McDonald (McDonald wrote a great deal about this time but his name is not among those listed in the bibliography); the monumental “The Age of Federalism” by Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrck. Another name missing from the bibliography is Joanne B. Freeman and her wonderful book “Affairs of Honor” which likewise delves into the personalities of this time. That said, I enjoyed Bordewich’s polished and informative narrative and recommend his book highly. Five stars.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 10, 2019Too much of the popular literature on the early days of the republic focuses on giants such as Washington, Hamilton and Jefferson. Fergus M. Bordewich provides a useful and fascinating glimpse of how Congress actually operated in its first session. Only 11 states sent representatives to the first session -- North Carolina and Rhode Island had yet to ratify the Constitution. So much was unknown that lawmakers spent considerable time debating what title to use when addressing the president. The creation of government departments, the structure of the federal judiciary, payment of government (state and national) debt, the location of the permanent capital and whether to create a national bank all filled the momentous agenda of lawmakers as they met first in New York and then Philadelphia. Also debated: the constitutional amendments we have come to know today as the Bill of Rights. Bordewich also recounts the great failure that haunted the First Congress and most subsequent meetings of the national legislature -- its unwillingness to confront the issue of slavery. Many of us are well-acquainted with the giants who dominated the political life of our country in the late 18th century; in these pages we meet Sen. William Maclay of Pennsylvania, Rep. Fischer Ames of Massachusetts and James Jackson of Georgia -- men now largely forgotten but who played important roles in formative congressional debates or help understand what happened in the then-secret debates of the Senate. This is an accessible and worthwhile introduction to the earliest days of our political history.